List of suspected microorganism(s)

As a summary, we will be providing the list of suspected microorganism for each case study based on their preliminary diagnosis and onset of symptoms.

Case Study 1

Name: Ng Ming En
Complaints : Severe vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal cramps
Diagnosis : Food poisoning

Possible suspected microorganisms:

1. Protozoa

· Giardia lamblia: a tiny protozoan that makes its way into surface water sources primarily through the contamination of water via animal feces.

· Cryptiopsoridium: a protozoan, similar in size and effect to giardia, which also enters drinking water sources through animal fecal matter.
Exposure to giardia and cryptosporidium can cause symptoms similar to the flu. Severe diarrhea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and/or fever often accompany the diseases.

http://www.historyofwaterfilters.com/protozoa.html

2. Bacteria

Family name : Genus Name : Specific suspected Microorganism : Symptoms

· Campylobacteraceae : Campylobacter : Campylobacter jejuni : Fever, diarrhea, and bloody stool two to five days after eating a contaminated food.

·Clostridiaceae : Clostridium : Clostridium botulinum : Eye problems such as double vision, drooping eyelids and an inability to focus on nearby objects Difficulty swallowing or breathing; Nausea, vomiting, cramps, and diarrhea, usually within 18-36 hours of eating a contaminated food.

· Enterobacteriaceae : Escherichia : Escherichia coli, Salmonella, Shigella : Nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea, Headaches and muscle aches within one to eight days of eating a contaminated food

· Listeriaceae: Listeria : Listeria monocytogenes : Fever, muscle aches, fatigue, and nausea.

· Staphyloccaceae : Staphylococcus : Staphylococcus aureus : Diarrhea and nausea/ vomiting within two to eight hours

· Vibrionaceae : Vibrios : Vibrio Cholera : Diarrheal illness or sepsis syndrome in compromised hosts

http://www.pdrhealth.com/patient_education/BHG01GA29.shtml

Case study 2

Name: Kwan Siew Lan
Complaints: Diarrhea
Diagnosis: Entercolitis

Symptoms of enterocolitis: abdominal cramps, fever and watery diarrhea.

Possible suspected microorganisms:

Family name : Genus : Specific Microbes : Associated onset of symptoms :

1. Enterobacteriaceae: Escherichia : Escherichia coli : Enterotoxigenic and enteropathogenic E. coli causes diarrhea
2. Enterobacteriaceae : Salmonella : Salmonella (many species) : Dysentery
3. Staphylococcaceae : Staphylococcus : Staphylococcus Aureus : Enterotoxins leading to diarrhea.
4. Enterobacteriaceae : Shigella : Shigella flexneri : Diarrhea

5. Vibrionaceae :Vibrio : Vibrio choleraetract involvement leading to diarrhea

6. Bacillaceae : Bacillus : Bacillus Cereus : Enterotoxins leading to diarrhea, associated with diarrhea and gastrointestinal pain.

7. Campylobacteraceae : Campylobacter : Campylobacter jejuni : Abdominal pain, diarrhea fever & malaise.

8. Clostridiaceae : Clostridium : clostridium difficle : offensive smelling diarrhea, fever and abdominal pain

9.Archmoebe : Entamoeba : Entaemoeba Histolytica

10. Reovirdae(virus) : Rotavirus : Rotavirus A to G : vomiting and diarrhea

11. Diplomonadida (protozoa) : Giardia : Giardia lamblia : Infection causes giardiassis a type of gastroenteritis that manifest itself with severe diarrhea and abdominal cramps

12. Caliciviridae : Norovirus : Norwalk Virus : Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea & stomach cramps.

Case study 3

Name: Maisy Wong (F)
Complaints: Fever, chills, bladder distension; on indwelling catheter
Diagnosis: Urinary Tract Infection

Indwelling urine catheter: a tube that drains urine from the bladder into a bag. Indweeling catheters can cause urinary tract infections.

Possible listed of microorganism(s):

Family Name: Genus : Specific suspected microorganism

1. Enterobacteriaceae : Escherichia : Escherichia coli,

: Proteus : Proteus mirabilis

: Klebsiella : Klebsiella pneumoniae

2. Pseudomonads: Pseduomonas : Pseduomonas aeruginosa

3. Staphylococcaceae : Staphylococcu s: Staphylococcus saprophyticus

4. Streptococcaceae : Streptococcus: Enterococcus

Case Study 4

Name: Wong Wei Hong (M)
Complaints : Fever, chills, bladder distension; on indwelling catheter
Diagnosis : Urinary Tract infection
Definition of symtoms

Bladder distension: Inability to urinate. The etiology of this disorder includes obstructive, neurogenic, pharmacologic, and psychogenic causes.

Indwelling catheter: a hollow tube left implanted in a body canal or organ, esp. the bladder, to promote drainage.

Possible listed of microorganism(s):

Genus : Family Name : Specific suspected microorganism

Enterobacteriaceae : Escherichia : Escherichia coli,

: Proteus : Proteus mirabilis

: Klebsiella : Klebsiella pneumoniae

2. Pseudomonads: Pseduomonas : Pseduomonas aeruginosa

3. Staphylococcaceae : Staphylococcu s: Staphylococcus saprophyticus

4. Streptococcaceae : Streptococcus: Enterococcus

Case Study 5

Name: Khong Fay Fay
Complaints: Fever, chills, dysuria
Diagnosis: Urinary Tract Infection

Brief overview : Similarly, this patient suffers from urinary tract as seen in case study 4 & 5. Similar onset of symptoms were observed with the inclusion of another symptom known as dysuria. Dysuria refers to any difficulty in urination.

Three are basically 3 causes of dysuria : cystitis, pyelonephritis & urethritis. Lower urinary tract infection also known as cystitis is infection of the urinary bladder. Upper urinary tract infection also known as pyelonephritis is an infection that involves the renal parenchyma, calyces and pelvis of the kidney. Urethritis is an infection of the urethra. Of these three diseases, pyelonephritis is the one most likely to cause fever.

http://medinfo.ufl.edu/year2/mmid/bms5300/clinical/toc/dysuria/dysuria02.html

Suspected microorganisms:

Family Name : Genus : Specific suspected microorganism

1. Enterobacteriaceae : Escherichia : Escherichia coli,

Proteus : Proteus mirabilis

Klebsiella : Klebsiella pneumoniae

2. Pseudomonads: Pseduomonas : Pseduomonas aeruginosa

3. Staphylococcaceae : Staphylococcu s: Staphylococcus saprophyticus

4. Streptococcaceae : Streptococcus: Enterococcus

*Small note*

Although case study 3 seems similar to case study 4 in terms of onset of symptoms & diagnosis, the major difference is the sex of the involved patients. In this case study, patient is of female gender while the patient in case study 4 is of male gender. Urinary tract infection (UTI) can be generally catergorized under acute uncomplicated UTI (Cystitis) & complicated UTI ¹. Acute uncomplicated UTI is generally affects women while complicated UTI generally affects man.¹

Uncomplicated infections are only associated with bacterial infection, most often Escherichia coli (E. coli ). ¹ However in complicated UTI infections the spectrum of associated causative microorganism is wider. Although E.Coli may be frequently present but other gram-negative rod of many species such as klebsiella, proteus & enterobacter & pseudomonads may also be present together . In many cases of complicated UTI, 2 or more associated casualtive agents may be present ².

1. http://www.reutershealth.com/wellconnected/doc36.html

2. Jawetz, Melnick & Adelberg.2004.Medical Microbiology 23rd edition

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